Providing readers of all backgrounds and students of all disciplines with the tools to study science like a historian, Ofer Gal covers everything from Pythagorean mathematics to Newton’s Principia, through …

Thomas Kuhn (1963) points out that the history of science suggests that when a theory confronts an anomaly or a paradox, the resolution will be a new paradigm that transcends what went before.

Vienna Circle’s Logical Positivism nstructed in the practice of science. An example in the early twentieth century was the school of philosophy of sc ence called “logical positivism.” They had two positions: …

Pierre Duhem's thesis is that Stephen Tempier – the Bishop of Paris – Condemnation of 1277 led to the study of medieval science as a serious discipline, "but no one in the field any longer endorses his …

Those events, taken together, many centuries would have been required be- should be viewed as forming the foundations fore Western Europe could have reached the of modern science, a judgment …

Scientists have toiled to create life from sparks and gasses in the laboratory to illuminate how life first formed in Earth’s early conditions. But even pinning down what those early conditions were remains …

In Part I of this essay, we had tried to locate a time, a place and a man in history from whom, one could argue, the great enterprise that we call science began. In this second and concluding part, we will …