Addiction is one of the most intensely studied conditions in modern medicine, yet even with high‑resolution brain scans and genetic tools, scientists still cannot fully explain why some people get ...

Allostatic load refers to wear and tear on the body that occurs over time due to chronic stress. Biomarkers such as cortisol, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers can help measure allostatic load.

Mental health experts are nearly unanimous in endorsing the disease model of addiction. Alcoholism (now alcohol use disorder) was declared a disease in 1956 by the American Medical Association, and ...